20190213
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

Please read and agree to the disclaimer before watching this video.
. Gallbladder Stones and Flareups

95% of the gallbladder diseases are cholelithiasis (gallstones.)

About 2% of the US health budget goes towards the management of cholelithiasis and its complications.

10%-20% of the population in the western hemisphere has gallstones.
25-50 tons of the gallstones are carried by more than 20 million Americans.

In the US about 1 million new cases are diagnosed annually, out of these, 2/3 will undergo surgery for the gallstones.

Gallstones are of two main types. 80% are cholesterol stones. Consisting of crystalline cholesterol monohydrate. The remainder are mainly bilirubin calcium salts and are called pigment stones.

High-Level Pathophysiology
The basic reason for the formation of the cholesterol stones is the following:
They only path for the cholesterol removal from the body is via the bile system. Cholesterol is not water soluble. We need to make it water soluble to traverse this path. To solve this, our body forms bile salts and lecithins. These bind with cholesterol and allow the passage through the bile system. These salts and lecithins are like boats on the water to which cholesterol is bound. If the quantity of the cholesterol is more than the binding capacity of these salts, then the unbound cholesterol forms cholesterol monohydrate crystals. These crystals precipitate in solid form. These precipitations irritate the gallbladder layers that in turn release mucus which traps these solid structures in the gallbladder resulting in the stone formation.
In summary, the following four events occur simultaneously for the formation of a gallstone:
1. Amount of cholesterol more than the binding capacity of the bile salts (supersaturation.)
2. Formation of the cholesterol monohydrate crystals.
3. Precipitation and aggregation of these crystals forming solid stone particles.
4. Mucus secretion by the gallbladder’s inner surface resulting in the entrapment of these solid particles in the gallbladder.

.
.
.
.
.
#DrBeen #Medicine #cholelithiasis #pathophysiology #gallbladder #gallstones #cholesterol_stones #pigment_stones #cholesterol_mono_hydrate #MedLife #nursing #nursingLife #MedSchool #NursingSchool #NursePractitioners #physicianassistants #usmle #Step2 #step1 #nclex #mbbs #comlex #DrMobeenSyed …

Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional. …
Disclaimer:
This video is not intended to provide assessment, diagnosis, treatment, or medical advice; it also does not constitute provision of healthcare services. The content provided in this video is for informational and educational purposes only.
Please consult with a physician or healthcare professional regarding any medical or mental health related diagnosis or treatment. No information in this video should ever be considered as a substitute for advice from a healthcare professional.
Video Rating: / 5

Normally, the walls of an artery are smooth, allowing blood to flow unimpeded. Atherosclerosis is when harmful material collects on the wall of an artery. This material includes fat, cholesterol, and other substances.

Eventually, the material builds up and a plaque is formed, narrowing the artery. When the build-up is severe, a clot could block the vessel completely.

—–

Mechanism

Atherogenesis is the developmental process of atheromatous plaques. It is characterized by a remodeling of arteries leading to subendothelial accumulation of fatty substances called plaques. The buildup of an atheromatous plaque is a slow process, developed over a period of several years through a complex series of cellular events occurring within the arterial wall, and in response to a variety of local vascular circulating factors. One recent hypothesis suggests that, for unknown reasons, leukocytes, such as monocytes or basophils, begin to attack the endothelium of the artery lumen in cardiac muscle. The ensuing inflammation leads to formation of atheromatous plaques in the arterial tunica intima, a region of the vessel wall located between the endothelium and the tunica media. The bulk of these lesions is made of excess fat, collagen, and elastin. At first, as the plaques grow, only wall thickening occurs without any narrowing. Stenosis is a late event, which may never occur and is often the result of repeated plaque rupture and healing responses, not just the atherosclerotic process by itself.

Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a specific form of arteriosclerosis in which an artery wall thickens as a result of invasion and accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs).

The accumulation of the WBCs is termed “fatty streaks” early on because of appearance being similar to that of marbled steak. These accumulations contain both living, active WBCs (producing inflammation) and remnants of dead cells, including cholesterol and triglycerides. The remnants eventually include calcium and other crystallized materials, within the outer-most and oldest plaque. The “fatty streaks” reduce the elasticity of the artery walls. However, they do not affect blood flow for decades, because the artery muscular wall enlarges at the locations of plaque. The wall stiffening may eventually increase pulse pressure; widened pulse pressure is one possible result of advanced disease within the major arteries.

Atherosclerosis is therefore a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels due to a chronic inflammatory response of WBCs in the walls of arteries. This is promoted by low-density lipoproteins (LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high-density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as a “hardening” or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple atheromatous plaques within the arteries.[1][2]

The plaque is divided into three distinct components:

The atheroma (“lump of gruel”, from Greek ἀθήρα (athera), meaning “gruel”), which is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques, composed of macrophages nearest the lumen of the artery
Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals
Calcification at the outer base of older or more advanced lesions.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that remains asymptomatic for decades.[3] Atherosclerotic lesions, or atherosclerotic plaques, are separated into two broad categories: Stable and unstable (also called vulnerable).[4] The pathobiology of atherosclerotic lesions is very complicated but generally, stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be asymptomatic, are rich in extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cells, while, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and foam cells and the extracellular matrix separating the lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the fibrous cap) is usually weak and prone to rupture.[5] Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic material, such as collagen,[6] to the circulation and eventually induce thrombus formation in the lumen. Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can occlude arteries outright (e.g. coronary occlusion), but more often they detach, move into the circulation and eventually occluding smaller downstream branches causing thromboembolism. Apart from thromboembolism, chronically expanding atherosclerotic lesions can cause complete closure of the lumen. Chronically expanding lesions are often asymptomatic until lumen stenosis is so severe (usually over 80%) that blood supply to downstream tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in ischemia.
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

Discussed the pathophysiology of formation of Cholesterol Gall Stones.

Share this page:

Cholesterol Crystals in Urine: Introduction, Clinical Significance, and Identification Features
Cholesterol Crystals in Urine Sediment Microscopy,
Microscopy of Cholesterol Crystals,
Definition of Cholesterol Crystals,
Identification Features of Cholesterol Crystals,
Clinical significance of cholesterol Crystals,
Cholesterol Crystalsformation video,
Cholesterol Crystals
Introduction
• Cholesterol Crystals are long rectangles with cut-out corners in shapes and they formed due to renal tubular disease, which can lead to renal failure if left untreated. They are found in both neutral and acid urine and are rarely detected. They’re most likely to appear after the urine sample has been re-frigerated and insoluble in acids and alkalis but soluble in ether, ethanol, and chloroform.

Identification features: Look like clear long rectangles with cut-out corners
Clinical Significance
Severe kidney disease or when a lymphatic vessel has ruptured into the renal pelvis.

A variety of Crystals and Cast links are –

Granular casts in Urine under the Microscope @

Ammonium biurate Crystals in Urine@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaVjXcFvpUc
Urate Crystal in Urine Microscopy at various magnifications@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAH91Q-pnv4
Calcium oxalate crystals in the Urine Microscopy@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKao7W7cWjM
Waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patient@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjna3dOVEtw
WBC casts in Urine Sediment Microscopy: Introduction, Identification, and Clinical Significance@https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g7nvV7ghxE

The basics of #cholesterol and #atherosclerosis and why doctors care so much about your lipid panel. Essentially, patients with higher levels of cholesterol have a higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)- things like heart attack, stroke, and death. Just because you have high cholesterol doesn’t mean you will have ASCVD but it does increase your risk.
—-
Follow me on social media:
🐦 Twitter: https://twitter.com/kittykatzmd?lang=en
📸 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/kittykatzmd/?hl=en

For more posts check out my most popular blog posts below:

STUDY RESOURCES
☞ How to Prepare for Intern Year With OnlineMedEd: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-prepare-for-intern-year-of-residency/
☞ Get 30% off Picmonic: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-learn-more-faster-in-medical-school/

USMLE’s
📚 How to Study For USMLE Step 1: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-study-for-usmle-step-1/
📚 My Favorite Resources for USMLE Step 2 CK: http://www.mykittykatz.com/my-favorite-study-resources-for-usmle-step-2-ck/
📚 How To Study For USMLE Step 3: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-study-for-usmle-step-3/
📚 When Should You Take USMLE Step 3: http://www.mykittykatz.com/when-you-should-take-usmle-step-3/

INTERVIEW WITH RESIDENT PHYSICIANS
⚕︎What Happens When You Don’t Match: http://www.mykittykatz.com/spotlight-interview-what-happens-when-you-dont-match/
⚕︎ What Happens When You Don’t Match..Twice: http://www.mykittykatz.com/what-happens-when-you-dont-match-into-residency-twice/
⚕︎How To Match Into Heme/Onc Fellowship: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-match-into-a-hematology-oncology-fellowship/
⚕︎How To Match Into Gastroenterology Fellowship: http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-match-into-gastroenterology-fellowship/

APPLYING TO RESIDENCY
✓ How to Write Your Personal Statement (and a copy of mine!): http://www.mykittykatz.com/how-to-write-your-residency-personal-statement-and-a-copy-of-mine/
✓ Applying To Internal Medicine By The Numbers: http://www.mykittykatz.com/applying-for-internal-medicine-residency-by-the-numbers/
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

Cholesterol crystals in pleural fluid
Cholesterol Crystals in Urine: Introduction, Clinical Significance, and Identification Features
Cholesterol Crystals in Urine Sediment Microscopy,
Microscopy of Cholesterol Crystals,
Definition of Cholesterol Crystals,
Identification Features of Cholesterol Crystals,
Clinical significance of cholesterol Crystals,
Cholesterol Crystalsformation video,
Cholesterol Crystals
Introduction
• Cholesterol Crystals are long rectangles with cut-out corners in shapes and they formed due to renal tubular disease, which can lead to renal failure if left untreated. They are found in both neutral and acid urine and are rarely detected. They’re most likely to appear after the urine sample has been re-frigerated and insoluble in acids and alkalis but soluble in ether, ethanol, and chloroform.

Identification features: Look like clear long rectangles with cut-out corners
Clinical Significance
Severe kidney disease or when a lymphatic vessel has ruptured into the renal pelvis.

A variety of Crystals and Cast links are –

Granular casts in Urine under the Microscope @

Ammonium biurate Crystals in Urine@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaVjXcFvpUc
Urate Crystal in Urine Microscopy at various magnifications@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAH91Q-pnv4
Calcium oxalate crystals in the Urine Microscopy@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKao7W7cWjM
Waxy casts in the urinary sediment of patient@ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjna3dOVEtw
WBC casts in Urine Sediment Microscopy: Introduction, Identification, and Clinical Significance@https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g7nvV7ghxE

Share this page:

CHOLESTEROL CRYSTAL
Crystals are the precipitated three dimensional solid structure obtained from saturated solution. The characteristics of a compound may be determined by the shape of the crystal. Therefore, a crystalline structure is a marker to identify a chemical substance.
REAGENTS & GLASSWARES:
1. Alcohol
2. Cholesterol
3. Microscope
4. Test tubes, test tube stands, test tube holder, distilled water, pipette with sucker, beakers and graduated cylinder.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a neat test tube and add 2 mL of pure alcohol.
2. Add a pinch of cholesterol, mix and heat it gently with addition of cholesterol to make a saturated solution. (Supersaturated)
3. Now take the content of this test tube into another clean and dry test tube and add few drops of distilled water and allow it to cool for some time.
4. A precipitate appears at the bottom of the test tube.
5. Carefully, transfer the precipitate on a glass slide and observe under microscope.
INTERPRETATION:
• When rhombic shaped cholesterol crystals are examined under the microscope and its shows a notch appearance.

OSPE QUESTIONS:
1. Perform cholesterol crystal test and gives inferences and principle of this test?
2. Draw the diagram of cholesterol and gives its clinical importance
Video Rating: / 5

Share this page:

Video Rating: / 5

What are gallstones? Gallstones are solid stones that are produced in the gallbladder when there’s an imbalance in the composition of bile. The main types of gallstones are cholesterol stones, bilirubin stones, and brown stones. Find more videos at http://osms.it/more.

Hundreds of thousands of current & future clinicians learn by Osmosis. We have unparalleled tools and materials to prepare you to succeed in school, on board exams, and as a future clinician. Sign up for a free trial at http://osms.it/more.

Subscribe to our Youtube channel at http://osms.it/subscribe.

Get early access to our upcoming video releases, practice questions, giveaways, and more when you follow us on social media:
Facebook: http://osms.it/facebook
Twitter: http://osms.it/twitter
Instagram: http://osms.it/instagram

Our Vision: Everyone who cares for someone will learn by Osmosis.
Our Mission: To empower the world’s clinicians and caregivers with the best learning experience possible. Learn more here: http://osms.it/mission

Medical disclaimer: Knowledge Diffusion Inc (DBA Osmosis) does not provide medical advice. Osmosis and the content available on Osmosis’s properties (Osmosis.org, YouTube, and other channels) do not provide a diagnosis or other recommendation for treatment and are not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare professional in diagnosis and treatment of any person or animal. The determination of the need for medical services and the types of healthcare to be provided to a patient are decisions that should be made only by a physician or other licensed health care provider. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you have regarding a medical condition.

Share this page:

Visit our website to learn about using Nucleus animations for patient engagement and content marketing: http://www.nucleushealth.com/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video-description&utm_campaign=ldl-hdl-041715

This 3D medical animation explains the differences between “bad” low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and “good” high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and their effects on the body.

ANH15145

Share this page: